The Final Report of the National Opera Review presented 118 recommendations for action by the government and the companies. The government made an official Response to the report as stated below. It sets out the government’s intentions for action or further consideration and the time frames for these actions.
To read the government’s response, click through to this address:
https://www.arts.gov.au/documents/response-national-opera-review-final-report

The National Opera Review Final Report presents a package of 118 recommendations to the Australian Government to enhance the viability, artistic vibrancy and accessibility of Australia’s four major opera companies, namely Opera Australia, Opera Queensland, State Opera of South Australia, and the West Australian Opera.

The Australian Government acknowledges the importance of the operatic artform in Australia’s artistic landscape and is broadly supportive of the recommendations contained in the Report.

The Australian Government has previously committed to implement a number of recommendations from the review report, as announced on 18 March 2017. These were support for a structural adjustment package for Opera Queensland and support for Victorian Opera to become a Major Performing Arts company.

A number of recommendations that have no financial implications for governments and address issues of governance and artistic vibrancy are already being explored or implemented by the Australia Council, in consultation with state funding agencies and the companies. These include recommendations that relate to:

  • building audiences and subscribers for the future;
  • improving collaboration between the companies;
  • increasing financial viability, such as controlling overhead costs and improving private sector support; and
  • strengthening governance and management.

The major opera companies have responded positively to these recommendations and are implementing changes to improve their operations. The Australian Government applauds the action taken by these companies and encourages further consideration of the recommendations that apply to them.

Recommendations that relate to joint decision making with state and territory governments – particularly around funding levels and the potential for an activity-based funding model – will be the subject of close consultation with relevant governments.

A number of recommendations would have implications for other companies funded under theNational Framework for Governments’ Support of the Major Performing Arts Sector. The Australian Government will also consult with state and territory governments on these recommendations.

A full list of the recommendations, indicating the Australian Government’s position on each, is provided below.

The Australian Government would once again like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the work of the independent, expert National Opera Review Panel: Dr Helen Nugent AO (Chairman), Mr Moffatt Oxenbould AM, Mr Andrew McKinnon and Ms Kathryn Fagg.

The National Opera Review Final Report is available through the Outcomes tab at http://www.arts.gov.au/national-opera-review.

Actions by Governments: Where the companies should head

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Ongoing5.1The guiding principles articulated in the 2011 Framework should continue to apply to the Major Opera Companies, although they should be amplified and reinforced by the 17 subsidiary guiding principles outlined in this Final Report.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.2The criteria in the 2011 Framework should be maintained, subject to changing the artistic quality criteria from “high” to “highest”. Nonetheless, the criteria should be monitored for the next 3 years to understand their impact on the financial performance of all major performing arts companies, particularly the Major Opera Companies.NoteFor Governments’ consideration in the context of the broader MPA Framework
Medium5.3The current approach to the distribution of funding between the Federal Government and the relevant State Government should be maintained, recognising that it lacks internal cohesion and an articulated rationale; and within the near to medium term is likely to require a more comprehensive review.NoteFor Governments’ consideration in the context of the broader MPA Framework
Medium5.4Each Major Opera Company should be given the flexibility to define its own artistic and strategic direction within a prudent financial framework.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.5Funded activities should be clearly defined by Governments.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.6Governments should monitor outcomes to ensure that activities that are funded are delivered.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.7If a company does not deliver on funded activities, a proportion of the funding provided for that activity should be withheld from future grant payments unless a prior renegotiation has been agreed with the relevant Government funding agencies.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.8If a company fails for three years in a row or consistently fails to deliver on a major commitment for which it is funded, it should lose its status as a major performing arts company. The company should receive one year’s advance notice (after the second year) of the funding agencies’ intention to change its status.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Ongoing5.9Overall, the companies should remain subject to Government requirements to maintain specific overall financial and balance sheet requirements.AgreeImplemented
Medium5.10Core funding, on a benchmarked basis, should be provided to support selected non-commercial activities. In contrast, core funding should not be provided for activities where there are viable commercial competitors.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium5.11Significant commercial activities should be ring-fenced and separately accounted for by any company that derives a large part of its income from such a source.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long5.12Opera Queensland should be given a three year period from FY 2017-2018 to meet all criteria to be a major performing arts company.AgreeImplementation in progress
Long5.13Opera Queensland should take additional action to improve its financial situation and consider whether to establish a shared service model with the Queensland Symphony Orchestra (QSO) and/or other options for mutual artistic collaboration, increasing access, improving private sector income and driving overhead efficiencies.AgreeImplementation in progress
Long5.14An adjustment package for a capped amount of additional funding should be provided to repair Opera Queensland’s balance sheet, provided it can demonstrate a clear path to recovery.AgreeImplementation in progress
Long5.15Any adjustment package should require Opera Queensland to generate additional funds to build quarantined reserves.AgreeImplementation in progress
Short5.16Victorian Opera should be supported now to become a major performing arts company.AgreeImplemented
Medium5.17In future, other opera companies that meet the criteria to become a major performing arts company should be supported for admission.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers

Actions by Governments: How the companies should operate

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Short6.1Opera Australia should not receive specific core Government funding to deliver mainstage performances in Brisbane (or Adelaide or Perth).AgreeImplemented
Short6.2Opera Australia should be funded to continue providing mainstage opera productions in Melbourne as well as in Sydney.AgreeImplemented
Short6.3Mainstage opera in Perth and Adelaide should be delivered by WAO and SOSA respectively.AgreeImplemented
Medium6.4Opera Conference should be retained but its objectives and approach should be broadened.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.5An independent non-voting Chair should be appointed to preside over Opera Conference.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.6Opera Conference should make an annual decision on a mainstage opera production to gain economies in physical production costs.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.7To support Australian artistic vibrancy, specific rules should govern the operation of Opera Conference productions.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.8Opera Conference funding should not include funding for regional touring, which will be separately direct line funded to Opera Australia for its annual regional tour.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Short6.9Greater collaboration among the Major Opera Companies should be encouraged.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium6.10SOSA should support the South Australian Government’s announcement to redevelop Her Majesty’s Theatre in Adelaide for the staging of long run musicals, enabling greater access for SOSA to the Festival Theatre. In the meantime, the co-operation of the venue in staging SOSA productions needs to be forthcoming.NoteFor the company and state government’s consideration
Long6.11Opera Queensland should be supported to utilise more appropriate venues that meet audience expectations.NoteFor the company’s consideration
Ongoing6.12Opera Queensland, SOSA and WAO should work proactively with the respective theatre complexes and the relevant orchestra to reduce dark nights in the theatre.NoteFor companies’ consideration
Medium6.13Annually, Opera Australia should tour regionally, going every second year to each state and territory, including Tasmania, Northern Territory and the Australian Capital Territory.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.14Opera Queensland should maintain a regular regional biennial opera touring programme within Queensland in the year that Opera Australia does not tour there. In addition, it should continue its community and outreach programme.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.15WAO should continue its community and outreach programmes (which currently includes Opera in the Park which is simulcast to regional Western Australia). It might also want to consider greater regional activities in the year that Opera Australia does not tour there.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.16SOSA should continue its community and outreach programmes. It might also want to consider greater regional activities within South Australia in the years that Opera Australia does not tour there.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.17Funding arrangements should be changed for Opera Australia. Funds for regional touring currently directed via Opera Conference should be allocated directly to Opera Australia. Project funding currently allocated to Opera Australia through Playing Australia should be direct line funded to Opera Australia, thereby producing greater certainty of funding and reducing the administrative burden.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium6.18The appropriate overall level of Government funding for each of the Major Opera Companies for regional touring should be considered as part of the activity based funding approach outlined in Recommendations 5.5 to 5.9.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers

Improving artistic vibrancy

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Medium7.1Governments’ core funding should be targeted to increase the overall number of mainstage productions offered by the Major Opera Companies.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium7.2Governments should support a minimum of three mainstage productions each year for Opera Queensland, SOSA and WAO.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium7.3Opera Australia should be funded to support a specified annual number of mainstage productions in Sydney and Melbourne:
• Two seasons in Sydney with a minimum of 11 mainstage productions overall;
• Two seasons in Melbourne, with a minimum number of 7 mainstage productions overall.
Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Ongoing7.4Each Major Opera Company should proactively engage in ongoing discussions with the funding agencies about decisions in relation to the variety, balance and scale of their repertoire choice before such decisions are finalised.NoteFor companies’ consideration
Long7.5Governments should support the development of new work, particularly through experimentation, workshops and smaller scale activities.Agree in principleFor consideration in a future Budget context
Long7.6Governments should create an Innovation Fund which will include discrete competitive funding to encourage the development of new works to which the Major Opera Companies can apply either on their own or in conjunction with smaller companies.Agree in principleFor consideration in a future Budget context
Long7.7Governments should create an Opera Festival Fund within the broader Innovation Fund (Recommendation 7.6).Agree in principleFor consideration in a future Budget context
Long7.8To promote a vibrant and innovative future for opera, Governments should establish, within the Innovation Fund, a specific competitive initiative based on using digital technology to enhance the artform, connect with audiences, enhance production design values and/or lower production costs.Agree in principleFor consideration in a future Budget context
Ongoing7.9Each Major Opera Company should report annually to the relevant funding agencies on the number of roles and performances by Australian and non-Australian artists employed in leading roles. This analysis should capture trends over time, including data on opening night versus second cast profiles by city.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Ongoing7.10On behalf of all funding agencies, the Australia Council should annually report on Australia’s most established opera singers and the extent to which they have been employed in leading roles by each Major Opera Company over the prior five years.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Ongoing7.11In analysing information provided under Recommendations 7.9 and 7.10, the Government funding agencies should assess whether an appropriate balance is being struck between the career development of Australian artists and the employment of non-Australian artists.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Ongoing7.12The funding agencies should proactively engage with the Major Opera Companies in detailed fact based discussions on the engagement of leading Australian artists over time.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Medium7.13Government funding agencies should have the authority to impose a penalty on any Major Opera Company, who after engaging in serious discussions, does not produce an appropriate balance in the employment of Australian versus non-Australian artists. Such a penalty could range up to $200,000 against its level of core funding.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Ongoing7.14Ongoing employment opportunities for the ensemble, chorus and orchestra should be optimised within available funding, recognising the proposed increase in the number of productions. While it is highly desirable to provide stability of employment for artists, trade-offs between the needs of artists and financial stability need also to be managed.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long7.15Each of the Major Opera Companies should be encouraged to develop a remunerated Young Artist Program that is consistent with the programme of its activities and the skills of the young artist. That might include encouraging a beneficial relationship with conservatoria and academic institutions, as well as other young artist programmes.AgreeFor companies’ consideration

Improving access

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Medium8.1In the near to medium term, Opera Queensland should maximise the use of the venues within QPAC.NoteFor the company’s consideration
Long8.2SOSA should strive to use the Festival Centre to the maximum extent possible.NoteFor the company’s consideration
Long8.3The Western Australian Government should be encouraged to hand over control of His Majesty’s Theatre to WAO to create a tighter symbiosis between the venue and the opera company.NoteFor the state government and company’s consideration
Medium8.4The funding agencies should require the Major Opera Companies to put forward concrete proposals to strengthen their engagement with subscribers and should closely monitor the outcomes.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Medium8.5Each Major Opera Company should find ways to engage with and value older audiences who represent a higher proportion of subscribers.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium8.6Each Major Opera Company should find ways to engage with younger audiences.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium8.7The Major Opera Companies should utilise enhanced data analytics to target audiences, including a broader demographic.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long8.8The Major Opera Companies should identify diverse product offerings to attract different demographic groups.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long8.9State Governments should reflect carefully on the need to strengthen and fund music education programmes in schools.AgreeFor state governments’ consideration
Long8.10Each Major Opera Company should strengthen and develop educational resources for use by educators and students.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Ongoing8.11Each Major Opera Company should work to create a greater emotional connection between artists and audiences.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium8.12Community engagement programmes should be targeted to initiatives which will enhance public perceptions of each Major Opera Company.AgreeFor companies’ consideration

Addressing financial viability

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Medium9.1The companies should invest to lift their website and marketing capability, particularly in digital.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium9.2It should be a performance requirement that each Major Opera Company improves its mainstage cost-revenue dynamics, with data provided in a standard format and discussed regularly by management and the board with the relevant Government funding agencies.AgreeFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long9.3Management and the board of each company should reduce physical production costs, including through sourcing initiatives, reducing scale where possible and potentially through the use of digital technology to reduce the cost of sets. New builds should be avoided where other options exist.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long9.4Management and the board of each Company should responsibly seek to reduce artistic costs consistent with delivering an experience that engages audiences.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long9.5Management and the board of each company should target its regional touring, schools and community projects in the most cost effective way to maximise the benefits the community receives from the significant investment being made.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium9.6Opera Australia should further reduce its overhead costs.AgreeFor the company’s consideration
Medium9.7SOSA should be supported to strengthen its investment in infrastructure, particularly marketing, development and online engagement, with a view to being better positioned to generate additional income.Agree in principleFor discussion with the relevant state government
Medium9.8Opera Queensland must reduce its overhead costs. To this end, it should explore a shared service model with QSO.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium9.9Targets, linked to geography, should be set for private sector income to be generated, which should predominantly be in cash.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium9.10Minimum specific targets (in 2015 dollars) should be set for each of the Major Opera Companies, recognising that the achievement of these targets may take time to achieve:
• Opera Australia $9.0 million
• Opera Queensland $0.9 million
• SOSA: $0.6 million
• WAO: $1.5 million
Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium9.11Greater use should be made of the skills of the board of each Major Opera Company in generating private sector income. Consideration should be given to each director making a financial contribution (regardless of size) and assisting with raising funds.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium9.12A greater focus should be placed by the companies on securing bequests.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Short9.13Opera Australia should revalue its property assets to ensure it accurately reflects its financial situation.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium9.14A proportion of the proceeds of the sale of Opera Australia’s Melbourne property should be deposited in its Capital Fund.NoteFor the company’s consideration
Long9.15Opera Queensland should be supported over a three year period to rebuild its balance sheet, provided it is able to generate matching private sector funds.AgreeImplementation in progress
Medium9.16Each Major Opera Company should within three years of the implementation of the new funding arrangements ensure it holds a minimum level of reserves of 30 percent of its costs (excluding the cost of musicals in the case of Opera Australia).NoteFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers

Providing strong governance and management

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Medium10.1The board of each Major Opera Company should reconsider its skills and diversity mix relative to the current needs of the Company. The Chair should meet with each relevant funding agency to discuss the rationale and balance of skills and diversity.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.2Each Board of Directors of a Major Opera Company should receive data that provides insight on the key components of the company’s cost-revenue dynamics over time.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.3Each director should be required to undertake a workshop to understand how the cost-revenue dynamics of the company operate. This should also be required as part of an induction programme for new directors.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.4Each Board of Directors should establish protocols for dealing with inherent artistic and financial tensions.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.5Each board should ensure it creates a culture of openness of debate.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.6Each board, annually, should undertake an evaluation of the board and of individual directors, with an external facilitator being used every second year. An overview of the process and the results should be shared with the relevant funding agencies.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.7Each company should institute tenure limits on the terms of directors.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Long10.8The South Australian Government should contemplate SOSA being governed by Corporations law.NoteFor the state government’s consideration
Medium10.9Each Major Opera Company should implement mechanisms for formal dialogue between the full board and the relevant funding agencies.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.10Management accounting should be strengthened.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.11A broader understanding should be developed within each company of their cost-revenue dynamics.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.12Operating results should be separated out in internal and external reporting from Capital Fund results.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium10.13Each company should ensure there is adequately balanced strength and respect in artistic and financial management.AgreeFor companies’ consideration

Providing Government funding

Implementation timeframe*No.RecommendationAustralian Government positionPathway for action
Medium11.1The level of funding for the Major Opera Companies should be based on activities supported by Government that, as far as possible, have been benchmarked to best practice. The funding model should be reviewed every five years.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium11.2The parameters for the funding model should be clearly defined.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long11.3Based on the funding model, an increase should be made to the overall level of core funding for the Major Opera Companies.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Medium11.4Except as otherwise indicated, the companies should be discouraged from applying for project funding for defined core activities.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium11.5Penalties should be applied if a programme, consistent with the activities proposed, is not delivered.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium11.6As outlined in Recommendation 5.3, the current overall core funding ratios between the Federal and the relevant State Governments should be maintained, recognising that the overall system for all major performing arts companies is not stable and is likely to need to be reviewed over time.NoteFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long11.7The funding for Opera Conference should be $1.5 million per year, which should be adjusted for indexation.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Medium11.8Opera Conference funds that are not substantively utilised in any one year should revert to Government.NoteFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Medium11.9Opera Conference funding should be directed through a separate entity rather than flowing through the accounts of individual companies.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long11.10Funding for the revised Opera Conference package should be redefined, with the Federal Government providing half of the funding, and the balance supplied equally by each of the five State Governments in which the Major Opera Companies present mainstage performances.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Long11.11An Innovation Funding package of $1.2 million is recommended to promote innovation and artistic vitality.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Short11.12A one-off structural adjustment package, which would not be subject to indexation, should be put in place for Opera Queensland.AgreeImplemented
Long11.13Additional funding of $0.250 million should be provided to the MPAP of the Australia Council by the Federal Government to fund the provision of additional staff to implement and oversight the recommendations of this Final Report.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Medium11.14In summary, it is proposed that Governments should consider an incremental funding request of $24.136 million over four years in 2015 dollars.NoteFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Long11.15New funding, rather than existing arts grants, should be used to implement the recommendations made by this Review.NoteFor consideration in a future Budget context
Short11.16Federal funding responsibility should continue to reside with the Australia Council’s Major Performing Arts Panel (MPAP), although changes should be made in the way it operates.AgreeImplemented
Medium11.17Genuine joint decision-making should occur between the MPAP and the relevant State Government funding agencies in relation to each Major Opera Company, a process which desirably should be extended to the other major performing arts companies.NoteFor the Australia Council’s consideration
Medium11.18The Australia Council needs to be funded to have additional, dedicated experienced staff with high level financial and analytic skills who can work on behalf of the Federal and State Governments. They also need to have the seniority and authority to engage independently with senior management in the companies and with senior officers in the relevant State Government funding agencies.NoteFor the Australia Council’s consideration
Ongoing11.19The MPAP must have an adequate balance of skills that allows it to take a proactive role in relation to the companies. This must include serious financial and corporate governance skills to allow adequate probing of the increasing complexity of the activities of the companies. Such members need to have inquiring and critical capabilities, while being supportive of the objectives of the companies.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Ongoing11.20The MPAP needs to develop a comprehensive and systematic workplan to address the subtle but extensive changes envisaged by this Final Report. This should include a thorough handover by the Review’s Secretariat to MPAP staff.NoteFor the Australia Council’s consideration
Ongoing11.21Because the major performing arts companies represent 55 percent of the Australia Council’s arts funding, the MPAP Chair should have specific skills; sit on the Board of the Australia Council; and be appointed by the Federal Arts Minister to that role footnote The Australia Council Act 2013 does not provide for the Minister to make appointments to the Australia Council’s advisory committees. This recommendation will be implemented within the current legislative framework. as well as to the Australia Council’s governing body.Agree in principleImplementation in progress
Medium11.22A significant improvement is required in the quality of data provided by the Major Opera Companies to the funding agencies.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium11.23The companies’ financial data need to provide a basis for generating greater insight and judgement than is currently the case. This needs to be done on an activity basis with, at a minimum, mainstage, regional touring, educational and community activities being separately accounted for. Any commercially oriented activities need to be reported separately from activities that receive Government funding. Capital Fund operations need to be separately identified.AgreeFor companies’ consideration
Medium11.24Dedicated MPAP staff, on behalf of the Federal and State Governments, need to maintain an activity-based funding model that is annually reconciled to the annual audited accounts. Genuine insight over time needs to be provided about emerging trends in each activity.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers
Ongoing11.25The MPAP staff need to engage more rigorously and regularly with the companies in relation to the other tasks which have been identified in this Final Report, including artistic matters and governance.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s consideration
Medium11.26The MPAP should annually undertake a quantitative and qualitative stakeholder survey of the companies and other funding agencies to provide feedback on its performance and the ongoing strength of the relationships.AgreeFor the Australia Council’s implementation
Medium11.27The MPAP and the relevant State Government funding agencies need to be provided with additional reserve powers in relation to the Major Opera Companies if they show signs of getting into financial difficulty. The default position should not be to provide them with a payment in advance to assist their cash flow.Agree in principleFor discussion with relevant cultural ministers

*Implementation timeframes:

Short term: Implemented or implementation currently in progress.

Medium term: Actions implemented or implementation well progressed by 31 December 2018.

Long term: Actions subject to consideration in a future Budget process or requiring time to incorporate into business practice.

Ongoing: Actions that can be incorporated into business practices on an ongoing basis.

Articles in this series

  1. Introduction and Discussion Paper
  2. Submission by The Music Trust
  3. Final Report of the Review Committee
  4. Response to the Final Report
  5. Response to the Final Report by the Government
  6. Response to the Government by The Music Trust

Author

Commonwealth of Australia
DATE: Published September 2017. Uploaded April 7 2018

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